ANCIENT INDIA-2 Stone Age

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  • Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age
  • Middle Stone Age which falls roughly from 10000 B.C. to 6000 B.C.
  • It was the transitional phase between the Paleolithic Age and Neolithic Age.
  • Mesolithic remains are found in
  • Langhnaj in Gujarat.
  • Adamgarh in Madhya Pradesh.
  • Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
  • The paintings and engravings give an idea about the social life and economic activities of Mesolithic people.
  • stone tools were tiny artifacts, often not more than five centimeters in size, and therefore called microliths.
  • The hunting-gathering pattern of life continued during this period.
  • The use of bow and arrow also began.
  • However, there seems to have been a shift from big animal hunting to small animal hunting and fishing.

  • map of neolithic india map എന്നതിനുള്ള ചിത്രം
  • began a tendency to settle for longer periods in an area.
  • Therefore, domestication of animals, horticulture and primitive cultivation started.
  • Animal bones are found in these sites and these include dog, deer, boar and ostrich.
  • Occasionally, burials of the dead along with some microliths and shells seems to have been practiced.

  • Neolithic Age

  • It is approximately dated from 6000 B.C to 3000 B.C.
  • Neolithic remains are found in Kashmir valley, Chirand in Bihar, Belan valley Maski, Brahmagiri, Hallur and Kodekal in Karnataka, Paiyampalli in Tamil Nadu and Utnur in Andhra Pradesh.
  • The chief characteristics are:
  • practice of agriculture,
  • domestication of animals,
  • polishing of stone tools
  • and the manufacture of pottery.
  • the cultivation of plants and domestication of animals led to the emergence of village communities based on sedentary life.
  • The polished axes were more effective tools for hunting and cutting trees.
  • Mud brick houses were built instead of grass huts.
  • Wheels were used to make pottery.
  • Pottery was used for cooking as well as storage of food grains.
  • Large urns were used as coffins for the burial of the dead.
  • Wheat, barely, rice, millet were cultivated in different areas at different points of time.
  • Rice cultivation was extensive in eastern India.
  • Domestication of sheep, goats and cattle was widely prevalent.
  • Cattle were used for cultivation and for transport.
  • The people of Neolithic Age used clothes made of cotton and wool.

  • Metal- Chalcolithic Age

  • copper and bronze (tin and copper) came to be used.
  • The new technology of smelting metal ore and crafting metal artifacts is a landmark in human civilization.
  • Some of the microlithic  stone tools was not given up.
  • People began to travel for a long distance to obtain metal ores.
  • This led to a network of Chalcolithic cultures
  • Regular routes and distance   seems to have been measured.



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